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Philip Agee

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Philip Agee
Agee in 1977
BornJanuary 19, 1935 (1935-01-19)
Tacoma, Florida, U.S.
DiedJanuary 7, 2008 (2008-01-08) (aged 72)
Havana, Cuba
Resting placeCanley Garden Cemetery and Crematorium, Canley, Metropolitan Borough of Coventry, West Midlands, England
EducationUniversity of Notre Dame
University of Florida
EmployerCentral Intelligence Agency
Spouses
Janet Marie Wasserberger
​
​
(m. 1959; div. 1974)​
Giselle Roberge
​
(m. 1978)​
Children2; Philip and Christopher

Philip Burnett Franklin Agee (/ˈeɪdʒi/; January 19, 1935 – January 7, 2008)[1] was a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) case officer and writer of the 1975 bestseller, Inside the Company: CIA Diary,[2] detailing his experiences in the Agency. Agee joined the CIA in 1957, and over the next decade had postings in Washington, D.C., Ecuador, Uruguay and Mexico. After resigning from the CIA in 1968, he became a leading opponent of its practices.[2][3][4] A co-founder of the CounterSpy and CovertAction series of periodicals, he died in Cuba in January 2008.[5]

Early years

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Agee was born in Tacoma, Florida and raised in Tampa.[6] In his memoir On the Run (1987), he wrote that he had "a privileged upbringing in a big white house bordering an exclusive golf club".[7] After graduating from Tampa's Jesuit High School, he attended the University of Notre Dame, from which he graduated cum laude in 1956.[6] He later attended the University of Florida College of Law,[6] and served in the United States Air Force from 1957 to 1960.[6] Agee then worked as a case officer for the Central Intelligence Agency from 1960 to 1968, including postings to Quito, Montevideo, and Mexico City.[6]

Leaving the CIA

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Agee stated that by the late 1960s, his Roman Catholic social conscience had made him increasingly uncomfortable with his work, resulting in his disillusionment with the CIA and its support for authoritarian governments across Latin America.[8] He came to believe that the Agency was repressing legitimate national ideals to serve the interests of U.S. multinational corporations. He was disturbed that U.S. forces were used to quell the revolution in the Dominican Republic in 1965, "not because it was Communist but because it was nationalist".[4]

Agee's disillusionment came to a head in the months leading up to and during the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games. Beginning in summer of 1967, he had a "cover" assignment to work with the Olympic Organizing Committee and its year-long Cultural Program of events.[9] Agee's marriage to Janet was ending, and in an Inside the Company diary entry from December 1967, he wrote:

The other unexpected development is a serious and deepening relationship with a woman I met on the Organizing Committee. I took a chance and told her I had worked for the CIA before, but in spite of her strong reaction she agreed to keep seeing me. She is one of the many leftists in the Cultural Program and she believes, with great bitterness, as do many other people, that the Agency was responsible for Che Guevara's execution.[10]

In a June 1968 meeting with his manager, Agee learned that the CIA station in Mexico City was "very pleased with his work" and offered him "another promotion", and that his manager "was startled" when hearing of Agee's plans to resign later in the year.[11] Agee said he explained his decision from a purely personal standpoint (so as to not seem like a security risk), i.e., he had met someone, he wanted to remarry and remain in Mexico after the Olympics.

In his diary entries from October 1968—his final ones as a CIA employee—Agee condemned the Mexican government's violence against protesters, and his own complicity in the crackdown.[12] In particular, he cited the Tlatelolco massacre in Mexico City, which cemented his decision to resign.[13]

In his 1983 book KGB Today, John Barron offered a contrasting view, stating that Agee's resignation was forced "for a variety of reasons, including his irresponsible drinking, continuous and vulgar propositioning of embassy wives, and inability to manage his finances".[14][15] Agee said these claims were ad hominem attacks meant to discredit him.[16]

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Russian exile Oleg Kalugin, former head of the KGB's Counterintelligence Directorate, claimed that in 1973 Agee approached the KGB's resident in Mexico City and offered a "treasure trove of information." According to Kalugin, the KGB was too suspicious to accept the offer.[17][18]

Kalugin writes that Agee then went to the Cubans, who "welcomed him with open arms." The Cubans shared Agee's information with the KGB, but Kalugin continued to regret the missed opportunity to have direct access to this asset.[19]

According to Mitrokhin, while Agee was writing Inside the Company, the KGB kept in contact with him through a London correspondent of the Novosti News Agency.[20]

Agee was accused of receiving up to US$1 million in payments from the Cuban intelligence service. He denied the accusations, which were first made by a high-ranking Cuban intelligence officer and defector in a 1992 Los Angeles Times report.[21]

A later Los Angeles Times article claimed that Agee posed as a CIA Inspector General staff member in order to target a member of the CIA Mexico City station on behalf of Cuban intelligence. According to this story, Agee was identified during a meeting by a CIA case officer.[22]

Vasili Mitrokhin's KGB files claim that Inside the Company: CIA Diary was "prepared by Service A, together with the Cubans". Mitrokhin's notes however do not indicate what the KGB and DGI contributed to Agee's text. Mitrokhin claims that Agee removed all references to CIA penetration of Latin American Communist parties from his typescript before publication at the request of Service A.[23]

In 1978, Agee began the publication of the Covert Action Information Bulletin. Mitrokhin's files claim that the bulletin was founded on the KGB's initiative and the group running it was "put together" by First Chief Directorate counter-intelligence and that Agee was the only member of the group who was aware of KGB or DGI involvement. According to Mitrokhin's files, KGB headquarters assembled a team to keep the Bulletin supplied with material specifically designed to compromise the CIA. A document titled Director of Central Intelligence: Perspectives for Intelligence, 1976-1981 was supplied to Agee by the KGB. Agee highlighted in his commentary Director of Central Intelligence William Colby's complaint that the Covert Action Information Bulletin was among the most serious problems facing the CIA.[24] Also from Mitrokhin's files: In Dirty Work 2: The CIA in Africa, it is said that Agee met with Oleg Maksimovich Nechiporenko and A. N. Istkov of the KGB, and they gave him a list of CIA officers working in Africa. The files also claim that Agee decided not to identify himself as an author out of fear he would lose his residence permit in Germany.[25]

To the end of his life, Philip Agee consistently and categorically denied ever having worked for any intelligence service after leaving the CIA. He said that his motives were purely altruistic. In support of this, he adduces the relentless persecution he endured from the CIA, as it and the U.S. State Department revoked his passport and succeeded in having him deported from several Western European countries, one after the other, until he finally found refuge in Cuba.[26]

Inside the Company: CIA Diary

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Agee's memoir of his time in the CIA was titled Inside the Company: CIA Diary. Because of legal problems in the United States, Inside the Company was first published in 1975 in Britain, while Agee was living in London.[20] The book was delayed for six months before being published in the U.S.; it became an immediate bestseller.[27][20]

In a Playboy magazine interview after the book's publication, Agee said: "Millions of people all over the world had been killed or at least had their lives destroyed by the CIA ... I couldn't just sit by and do nothing."[28] In the book's "Acknowledgments", he wrote: "Representatives of the Communist Party of Cuba also gave me important encouragement at a time when I doubted that I would be able to find the additional information I needed."[29][30]

The London Evening News called Inside the Company: CIA Diary "a frightening picture of corruption, pressure, assassination and conspiracy". The Economist called the book "inescapable reading". Miles Copeland, Jr., a former CIA station chief in Cairo, said the book was "as complete an account of spy work as is likely to be published anywhere"[20][31] and it is "an authentic account of how an ordinary American or British 'case officer' operates ... All of it ... is presented with deadly accuracy."[32]

The book describes how U.S. embassies in Latin America worked with right-wing death squads, and funded anti-communist student and labour movement fronts, pro-U.S. political parties and individuals.[33]

Inside the Company identified 250 alleged CIA officers and agents.[19] The list of officers and agents, all personally known to Agee, appears in an appendix to the book.[34] While written as a diary, the book actually reconstructs events based on Agee's memory and his subsequent research.[35]

Agee describes his first overseas assignment for the CIA in 1960 to Ecuador, where his primary mission was to force a diplomatic break between Ecuador and Cuba. He writes that the techniques he used included bribery, intimidation, bugging, and forgery. Agee spent four years in Ecuador penetrating Ecuadorian politics. He states that his actions subverted and destroyed the political fabric of Ecuador.[4]

Agee helped bug the United Arab Republic code-room in Montevideo, Uruguay, with two contact microphones placed on the ceiling of the room below.[4]

On December 12, 1965, Agee visited senior Uruguayan military and police officers at a Montevideo police headquarters. He realized that the screaming he heard from a nearby cell was the torturing of a Uruguayan, whose name he had given to the police as someone to watch. The Uruguayan senior officers simply turned up a radio report of a soccer game to drown out the screams.[4]

Agee also ran CIA operations within the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games and he witnessed the events of the Tlatelolco massacre.[13]

Agee identified President José Figueres Ferrer of Costa Rica, President Luis Echeverría Álvarez (1970–1976) of Mexico and President Alfonso López Michelsen (1974–1978) of Colombia as CIA collaborators or agents.[36]

Following this he details how he resigned from the CIA and began writing the book, conducting research in Cuba, London and Paris. During this time, he said the CIA spied on him.[4][36][37] The cover of the book featured an image of the bugged typewriter given to Agee by a CIA agent as part of their surveillance and attempts to stop publication of the book.[38] According to a former CIA officer, David Atlee Phillips, when the CIA discovered that Agee was going to publish a book it began what Phillips refers to as "a program of cauterization", wherein every CIA official and agent known to Agee were "terminated, and some relocated for their safety; and every operation which Agee might have been privy to was being terminated". Phillips says that this cost the Agency millions of dollars.[39]

In response to Agee's book, the United States Congress passed the 1982 Intelligence Identities Protection Act, which made it a crime to intentionally reveal the identity of a covert intelligence officer. Use of the law was later considered during the 2003 Valerie Plame affair.[7]

Expulsion

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Agee gained attention from the United Kingdom media after the publication of Inside the Company. He revealed the identities of dozens of CIA agents in the CIA London station.[20] After numerous requests from the American government as well as an MI6 report that blamed Agee's work for the execution of two MI6 agents in Poland, a request was put in to deport Agee from the UK.[20] Agee fought this and was supported by MPs and journalists. The Labour MP Stan Newens promoted a parliamentary bill, gaining the support of more than 50 of his colleagues, which called for the CIA station in London to be expelled.[40] The activity in support of Agee did not prevent his eventual deportation from the UK on June 3, 1977, when he traveled to the Netherlands.[41] Agee was also eventually expelled from the Netherlands, France, West Germany and Italy.[6]

On January 12, 1975, Agee testified before the second Bertrand Russell Tribunal in Brussels that in 1960 he had conducted personal name-checks of Venezuelan employees for a Venezuelan subsidiary of what is now ExxonMobil. Exxon was "letting the CIA assist in employment decisions, and my guess is that those name checks ... are continuing to this day". Agee stated that the CIA customarily performed this service for subsidiaries of large U.S. corporations throughout Latin America. An Exxon spokesman denied Agee's accusations.[32]

In 1978, Agee and a small group of his supporters began publishing the Covert Action Information Bulletin, which promoted "a worldwide campaign to destabilize the CIA through exposure of its operations and personnel". Mitrokhin states that the bulletin had help from both the KGB and the Cuban DGI.[41] The January 1979 issue of Agee's Bulletin published the infamous FM 30-31B,[42] which was claimed by the United States House Intelligence Committee to be a hoax produced by the Soviet intelligence services.[43][44][45][46][47] In 1978, Agee co-edited with Louis Wolf a book entitled Dirty Work: The CIA in Western Europe. A follow-up book, Dirty Work 2: The CIA in Africa, was published the next year. The two volumes contained information on 2,000 CIA personnel.[41]

Agee told Swiss journalist Peter Studer: "The CIA is plainly on the wrong side, that is, the capitalistic side. I approve KGB activities, communist activities in general. Between the overdone activities that the CIA initiates and the more modest activities of the KGB, there is absolutely no comparison."[48][49]

Agee's U.S. passport was revoked by the U.S. government in 1979. The State Department offered him an administrative hearing to challenge the passport revocation, but Agee instead sued in federal court. The case reached the Supreme Court, which ruled against Agee in 1981.[50]

In 1980, Maurice Bishop's government conferred citizenship of Grenada on Agee, and he took up residence on that island. The collapse of the Grenada Revolution removed that safe haven, and Agee then received a passport from the Sandinista government in Nicaragua. After a change of government there, this passport was revoked in 1990, and he was given a German passport, in accordance with the working status of his wife, the American ballet dancer Giselle Roberge who was working and living in Germany at the time. Agee was later readmitted to both the U.S. and United Kingdom.[51] He recounted this period of his life in On the Run.[28]

Later activities

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In the 1980s, NameBase founder Daniel Brandt taught Agee how to use computers and computer databases for his research.[52] Agee lived with his wife principally in Hamburg, Germany and Havana, Cuba, founding the Cubalinda.com travel website in the 1990s.[53]

U.S. President George H. W. Bush, who considered Agee a traitor,[7] accused him of being responsible for the murder of the head of the CIA Station in Athens, Richard Welch, by the Revolutionary Organization 17 November. Bush had directed the CIA from 1976 to 1977.[6] Agee and his friends rejected Bush's assertion about Welch.[7] When this accusation was included in Barbara Bush's 1994 memoir, Agee sued her for libel. Barbara Bush agreed to remove the allegation from the paperback edition of her book as part of a legal settlement.[6]

On December 16, 2007, Philip Agee was admitted to a hospital in Havana, and surgery was performed on him for perforated ulcers. On January 9, 2008, his wife Giselle announced that he had died in Cuba on January 7 and was cremated.[1][54]

After his death, Agee's widow gathered up all of his papers from his Havana apartment and had them sent to New York University's Tamiment Library as a donation to the Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives. According to Jonathan Stevenson, during the transport to NYU, the CIA "seized the papers, combed through all of them, and confiscated an appreciable number of documents before allowing the shipment to proceed to New York."[55]

Bibliography

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Articles

  • "Why I Split the C.I.A. and Spilled the Beans". (Archived copy) Esquire, June 1975. Full issue available.
  • "Where Myths Lead To Murder". CovertAction Information Bulletin, No. 1, July 1988. (pp. 4–7) Full issue available.
  • "A Friendly Interview". CovertAction Information Bulletin, No. 19, Spring–Summer 1983. (pp. 33–34) Full issue available.
  • "On Torture as an Instrument of Policy". Social Justice. 17 (4). Winter 1990.
  • "Changes in Eastern Europe". CovertAction Information Bulletin, No. 35, Fall 1990. (pp. 3–4) Full issue available.

Books

Introductions and Forewords

  • Government by Gunplay: Assassination Conspiracy Theories from Dallas to Today (1976). Blumenthal, Sid; Yazijian, Harvey, eds. "Introduction by Philip Agee". New York: New American Library. LCCN 76-359178.
  • CIA: The Pike Report (1977). "Introduction by Philip Agee". Nottingham: Spokesman Books for the Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation. LCCN 78-301398.
  • CIA Off Campus: Building the Movement Against Agency Recruitment and Research (1999). Mills, Ami Chen. "Foreword by Philip Agee". South End Press. ISBN 978-0896084032.

Interviews

Reports

Articles by other authors

Talks given by Melvin Wulf, William Schaap, and Len Weinglass at a memorial for Philip Agee held at the West Side Y in New York City, on May 3, 2009.

Filmography

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Documentaries

  • Fidel: The Untold Story. Directed by Estela Bravo. First Run/Icarus Films, 2001. OCLC 52742983. 91 min.
    • Commentary provided by interviews with Agee.
  • On Company Business. Directed by Allan Francovich. 1980. 2h 54min. IMDb

Television

Public Speaking

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Weissert, Will (9 January 2008). "Ex-CIA Agent Philip Agee Dead in Cuba". SFGate. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 January 2008.
  2. ^ a b Agee, Philip (1975). Inside the Company: CIA Diary. Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-13348-9.
  3. ^ Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2000). The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. Basic Books. p. 230. ISBN 0-465-00312-5.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Kapstein, Jonathan (28 July 1975). "Philip Agee: The spy who came in and told; Inside the Company: CIA Diary Reviews". Business Week: 12. Archived from the original on October 20, 2006.
  5. ^ The Associated Press (9 January 2008). "Former CIA agent Agee dies in Cuba at age 72". NBC News. Retrieved 9 January 2008.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Joe Holley (10 January 2008). "Philip Agee, 72; Agent Who Turned Against CIA". The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 November 2010. Mr. Agee was born in Tacoma, Fla., attended Jesuit schools and graduated cum laude from the University of Notre Dame in 1956. He told The New York Times in 1974 that the CIA attempted to recruit him while he was at Notre Dame, offering a package plan that included Air Force duty. He said no but reconsidered while studying law at the University of Florida.
  7. ^ a b c d Shane, Scott (10 January 2008). "Philip Agee, 72, Is Dead; Exposed Other C.I.A. Officers". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  8. ^ Eder, Richard (12 July 1974). "The Disillusion of a C.I.A. Man: 12 Years From Agent to Radical". The New York Times.
  9. ^ Agee 1975, pp. 564–565.
  10. ^ Agee 1975, pp. 567–568.
  11. ^ Agee 1975, p. 568.
  12. ^ Agee 1975, p. 575: "The difficult admission is that I became the servant of the capitalism I rejected. I became one of its secret policemen. The CIA, after all, is nothing more than the secret police of American capitalism, plugging up leaks in the political dam night and day so that shareholders of U.S. companies operating in poor countries can continue enjoying the rip-off."
  13. ^ a b Agee 1975, pp. 572–574.
  14. ^ Barron, John (1983). KGB Today: The Hidden Hand. Reader's Digest Association. pp. 227–230. ISBN 0-88349-164-8.
  15. ^ "Philip Agee". The Times. London. 9 January 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2018. (subscription required)
  16. ^ Agee 1987, p. 91.
  17. ^ Kalugin, Oleg (1995). Spymaster: The Highest-ranking KGB Officer Ever to Break His Silence. Blake Publishing Ltd. pp. 191–192. ISBN 1-85685-101-X.
  18. ^ Andrew & Mitrokhin 2000, p. 617: "The KGB files noted by Mitrokhin describe Agee as an agent of the Cuban DGI and give details of his collaboration with the KGB, but do not formally list him as a KGB or DGI agent. vol. 6, ch. 14, parts 1,2,3; vol. 6, app. 1, part 22."
  19. ^ a b Andrew & Mitrokhin 2000, p. 230.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Andrew & Mitrokhin 2000, p. 231.
  21. ^ "Former CIA agent attempts to draw U.S. tourists to Cuba over Internet". CNN.com. 25 June 2000. Archived from the original on 17 March 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  22. ^ Risen, James (14 October 1997). "Once Again, Ex-Agent Philip Agee Eludes CIA's Grasp". Los Angeles Times.
  23. ^ Andrew & Mitrokhin 2000, pp. 230–231.
  24. ^ Andrew & Mitrokhin 2000, p. 233.
  25. ^ Andrew & Mitrokhin 2000, pp. 233–234.
  26. ^ Agee, Philip (1987). On the Run. Lyle Stuart. pp. 387–388. ISBN 0-8184-0419-1.
  27. ^ "The Best Sellers of 1975". The New York Times. 7 December 1975. p. 361.
  28. ^ a b Davison, Phil (11 January 2018). "Philip Agee: Former CIA agent who accused his government of 'state terrorism'". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  29. ^ Agee 1975, p. 659.
  30. ^ Rid, Thomas (2020). Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-71865-7.
  31. ^ Agee 1987, pp. 111–112, 120–121.
  32. ^ a b "Book details CIA activities". Facts on File World News Digest. 25 January 1975. pp. 37 B3. Archived from the original on 20 October 2006.
  33. ^ Coyle, Kenny (25 February 2019). "What is the National Endowment for Democracy and how does it promote regime change around the world?". Morning Star. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  34. ^ Agee 1975, pp. 619–645.
  35. ^ Agee 1975, pp. vii–viii.
  36. ^ a b "Secret agent; Inside the Company: CIA Diary. By Philip Agee. Penguin. 640 pages. 95p". The Economist. 11 January 1975. p. 87. Archived from the original on 20 October 2006.
  37. ^ Agee 1975, pp. 589–598.
  38. ^ Agee 1987, p. 127.
  39. ^ Phillips, David Atlee (1977). The Night Watch: 25 Years of Peculiar Service. Atheneum. pp. 238–9.
  40. ^ "Philip Agee". The Telegraph. 19 January 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  41. ^ a b c Andrew & Mitrokhin 2000, pp. 232–233.
  42. ^ CovertAction, No. 3, January 1979.
  43. ^ Elizabeth Pond (1985-02-28). "The West Wakes Up to the Dangers of Misinformation". Christian Science Monitor.
  44. ^ "House Intelligence Committee Begins Inquiry into Allegations of Forgeries". The Washington Post. 1979-01-17.
  45. ^ U.S. House. Hearings Before the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Soviet Active Measures. 97th Congress, 2nd session. July 13, 14, 1982.
  46. ^ U.S. House. Hearings Before the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Soviet Covert Action (The Forgery Offense). 96th Congress, 2nd session. February 6, 19, 1980.
  47. ^ Peer Henrik Hansen (2005). "A Review of: 'Falling Flat on the Stay-Behinds'". International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. 19 (1): 182–186. doi:10.1080/08850600500332656. S2CID 154096664.
  48. ^ Horowitz, David (December 1991). "The Politics of Public Television". Commentary Magazine. 92 (6). Archived from the original on 23 April 2005.
  49. ^ William E. Simon (December 1980). "You can't trust the news". The Saturday Evening Post.
  50. ^ "Haig v. Agee 453 U.S. 280 (1981)". supreme.justia.com.
  51. ^ Campbell, Duncan (10 January 2007). "The Spy Who Stayed Out in the Cold". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
  52. ^ Stevenson, Jonathan (2021). A Drop of Treason: Philip Agee and His Exposure of the CIA. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0226356686.
  53. ^ Campbell, Duncan (10 January 2008). "Philip Agee". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  54. ^ "Death of CIA whistleblower - World News". 8 May 2024.
  55. ^ Stevenson, Jonathan (25 May 2021). "The Life and Legacy of Philip Agee, the CIA's First Defector and Most Committed Dissident". CrimeReads.
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